PROGRESS OF MEDICAL, SCIENCE

Medical progress

hronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant interactive disease in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease with major morbidity and mortality consequences and high costs to the healthcare system. CKD is characterized by a gradual loss of renal function. In most parts of the world, once end-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs, patients who do not have access to maintenanc...

The renewal of medical education in Iran: progress and challenge

Science in Progress

One, a discussion of the principles and methods underlying the developmental examination of behavior, is unchanged. Part Two, an analysis of defects and deviations of development, has been expanded to include a section on congenital abnormalities in connection with low-grade amentia; the chapter on convulsive disorders has been revised, and includes additional material on epilepsy; a discussion...

Ontological Progress in Science

In the grand tradition, philosophical ontology was considered logically and epistemologically prior to scientific ontology. Like many contemporary philosophers of science, we consider this a mistake. There is a two-way traffic between philosophical and scientific ontologies; the more we learn about what there actually is, the more we learn about what can be and what must be, and vice versa. But...

1316 MEDICAL PROGRESS Uremia

Copyright © 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society. Medical progress has altered the course and thus the definition of uremia, which once encompassed all the signs and symptoms of advanced kidney failure. Hypertension due to volume overload, hypocalcemic tetany, and anemia due to erythropoietin deficiency were once considered signs of uremia but were removed from this category as their causes were ...